THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENEDENCE

  KARNATAKA STATE SYLLABUS (DSERT)

10th standard Social science (S.St) English medium notes

History

Chapter 6

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENEDENCE

British brought policies of Subsidairy Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. People were also upset with the administration of the British.

            Indian Historians called it ‘First Indian Freedom Struggle’. But, the English historians termed it as ‘The Sepoy Mutiny’.

 

Reasons for the First Indian Freedom Struggles :

1)   Political Reasons :

·         Doctrine of Lapse implemented.

·         Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and many other stated came under doctrine of lapse.

·         Dalhousie abolished the kingships of Tanjavore and Carnatic Nawabs and dethroned Mughal kings and many other kings.

2)   Economic Reasons :

·         Industrial revolution in England.

·         England became a workshop of industries.

·         The Indian handicrafts became financially pathetic.

·         British imposed heavy customs on Indian goods entering the market of England.

·         Zamindari System – the farmers were exploited by Zamindars.

·         British formed Inam Commissions and Inam lands were also withdrawn.

3)   Administrative Reasons :

·         The British brought in many civil and criminal laws into effect.

·         A lot of partially among Indian and British people.

·         English became the language of the court.

·         People did not like the new laws.

4)   Military Reasons :

·         Indian soldiers did not have the status, salary and promotion.

The pressure put on Indian soldiers for overseas work

5)   Beginning of the Mutiny and its spread : (Immediate cause :

·         The Indian soldiers believed that they can drive away the British if all of them become united.

·         British introduced ‘Royal Enfield’ gun.

·         A rumour spread that the bullets of these guns were smeared in the fat of pig and cow.

·         Barackpur military soldiers refused to do it and revolted against the British officers.

·         A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot dead a British officer (Major Hudson)

 

The spread of the Mutiny :

·         Meerut was a major British military base.

·         The soldiers released the imprisoned soldiers, this became the seed for the Indian freedom movement.

·         Soldiers reached Delhi from Meerut.

·         The soldiers declared the Mughal King Bhadur Shah II as the emperor of India.

·         Nana Saheb of Kanpur rose in revolt. Tatya Tope was his assistant (Chief of army)

·         In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai fought till died.

·         The protest spread to Lucknow.

 

Reasons for the failure of the Mutiny :

·         It did not cover every part of India.

·         It concentrated on the issues of the rights of Kings and Queens rather than liberation of the country.

·         It was not a planned mutiny.

·         The disunity among the Indian soldiers.

·         Lacked direction and leadership.

·         Soldiers didn’t had organizing skills.

·         freedom fighters lacked a definite aim.

Many of the Indian kings extended their loyalties to the British and did not support the freedom fighters

·         The sepoys lost faith and support from people for plundering and other crimes.

 

Results of the Mutiny :

          East India company came to an end, and the governance of British government started. The Queen of Britain passed a declaration in 1858.

1.      The agreements entered by the company with the local Kings were accepted.

2.      Non pursuance of regional expansion.

3.      Providing a stable government of Indians.

4.      Equality before the law.

5.      Non-interference of the government in religious issues of Indians and practicing religious tolerance.

 

      The British realized that without love and affection of Indians, ruling India would be a difficult proposition.

      They decided to involve the Indians in the process of legislation and implemented ‘Policy of Association’.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka

                          KARNATAKA STATE SYLLABUS (DSERT)

10th standard Social science (S.St) English medium notes

History

Chapter 4

Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka

The present Karnataka was scattered into many provinces like Mumbai, Hyderabad etc.

            The British exploited the people in agriculture & trade in order to protect their own interests. The local kings suffered insecurities.

            1761-1799 (Hyder Ali & Tippu period) political developments that emerged are very important.

            In the 18^th Century in Indian History is considered as “The century of political problems’’ because –

1)      The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 (main reason)

2)      The death of Chikka devaraj wodeyar in 1704.

            Hyderl Ali gained prominence over Mysuru & Carnatic region after death of Chikkadevaraja wodeyar. He came to prominence during the siege of Devanahalli & military action against Nizam of Arcot.

            Hyder Ali suppressed Dalawai & Sidelined Krishnaraja wodeyar IV & took control over the administration of Mysuru.

            The Nawab of Arcot, Marathas & Nizam of Hyderabad were fighting to establish their supremacy. But British used this situation for their benefit. Thus Anglo-Mysuru wars started.

 

First Anglo-Mysuru War (1767-69) :

            Marathas Nizam of Hyderabad & British didn’t tolerate the prominence of Hyder Ali.

            British made an agreement & created triple alliance against Hyder Ali. But Hyder Ali broken this alliance.

            Hyder Ali attacked on Arcot which was subsidiary alliance state of British. Thus British helped Nawab of Arcot. So First Anglo-Mysuru war was started.

            The battles took place in Tiruchanapalli, Tiruvannamalai & Amburu. Beginning Hyder Ali suffered few setbacks. Later reached Madras province &  created panic in British. So British made an agreement with Hyder Ali through ‘Madras treaty’.

 

Second Anglo-Mysuru War (1780-84) :

            Reasons – Political unstable situations in Tanjavoor & Tiruvankoor (1)

·         Madhavrao (Peshwa) attacked on Srirangapattana. Hyder Ali expected help from British as per Madras treaty. But British rejected it. (2)

·         Frenches had givne Mahe to Hyder Ali for administration. That ‘Mahe’ was occupied by British (3). Thus Hyder Ali attacked on British. So, Second Anglo Mysuru war started.

·         Hyder occupied Arcot. He tried to occupy Velluru & Wandiwash. British army led by Sir Aircoot.

·         Sir Aircoot followed Hyder Ali upto Pondicherry. Pondicherry was under by French. But French did not support or help to Hyder Ali.

·         Hyder Ali was defeated in a battle held in Porto Nova by the British.

 

            The British attracted Nizam of Hyderabad & Marathas by entering  ‘Salbai agreement’ & made alone of Hyder Ali.  But Hyder Ali died in 1782 (7^th Dec) at Chittor, Andhra Pradesh (Cancer)

            Tippu Sultan was waging war in Malbar region when Hyder Ali died. Tippu Sultan protected Mangaluru & Coastal region. Finally he defeated British. This war ended by Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.

 

Tippu Sultan : (01-12-1751 to 4-5-1799) :

            Tippu spent his whole life in fighting with Britishes. (17 years)

            He understood the cunningness, strategies, clever manipulations of the British. He tried to break the monopoly of the British over trade with India. Mother Fakrunnisa. Full Name – Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, Pioneer of rocket artillery.

 

Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) :

            The politics of Travancore was the main reason for this war.

            Travancore king, built fort in cochin with the help of British. This was prohibition of Mangalore treaty  British general Meadows captured Karwar Coimbatore, Dindigul Tippu captured Baramahal & Satyamangala.

            Cornwallis army captured Bengaluru & destroyed fort. Maratha & Hyderabad Nizam supported to British.

            The combined army marched towards Sriranga Patnam by capturing fort in 1792. So Tippu made an agreement with British. It had unfavourable conditions.

Conditions :

1)      Give up halt state

2)      Pay 3 crore rupees

3)      Pledge two of his children as a guarantee against the payment.

4)      He was also forced to release the prisoners of war.

 

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War :

Tippu died in fourth Anglo mysore war in 1799.          

Extension of British Rule in India

                  KARNATAKA STATE SYLLABUS (DSERT)

10th standard Social science (S.St) subject English medium notes

History

Chapter 2

Extension of British Rule in India

The British gained complete political power over Bengal through plassey & Buxar wars. No one Europeans dare to oppose them after Carnatic wars.

    But Marathas (Western part) & Mysore states (South) of Tippu were dominant. In north west Punjab was opponent to British Ranjith Singh organized Sikhs successfully.

 

Anglo-Maratha Wars :

I) First Anglo-Maratha War : (1775-1782)

·         Marathas installed Shah Alam II in the throne of Mughal.

·         Shah Alam II gave Kora & Allahabad to Marathas. These were under British rule

·         Enmity started between British & Marathas.

·         Peshwa Madhavrao died by disease (Son of Balaji Baji rao). Narayana Rao came to post of Peshwa. (Younger brother of Madhava Rao) but his uncle Raghoba killed him for post of Peshwa. The Maratha federation brought Madhavarao II to Peshwa post, then Raghoba asked help from British. The British used this situation in their favour. Maratha lost Ahmedabad in War & finally war ended with Salabai Agreement.

Second Anglo-Maratha War : (1803-1805)

Reasons :

The difference among the Maratha chieftains was the reason for this war.

·         Holkar family – Yashawant Rao

·         Sindhiya family – Daulat Rao

·         Peshwe – Rao II (Balaji Rao II)

·         Yashwant Rao  Daulat Rao + Baji Rao II

·         Holkar family defeated sindhiya & Balaji Rao II

·         Peshwa asked help from British & he signed the Bassin treaty of subsidiary alliance.

·         This treaty was opposed by Holkar. Sindhiya families & Maratha federation.

·         Lord wellesly defeated the Marathas but it was increased the financial expenditure of military on company. He resigned his post for criticize & went back to England. Thus war was ended

Third Anglo-Maratha War :

·         Peshwa already signed the policy of subsidiary alliance, Now he wished to free from clutches of British. Because subsidiary alliance made him irrespect.

·         Peshwe attacked on Poona residency in 1817. British defeated him in Koregaro & Ashti wars.

·         British cancelled the post of Peshwa & gave pension to Bajirao (Pension – 8,00,000/-)

The Consolidation of the British Power (1818-1857) :

            The British occupied entire India from 1818-1857.

Anglo-Sikh wars : (December – 1845)

            The British violated continuous friendship pact & invaded on Punjab after the death (1839) of Raja Ranajith Singh.

            Hindu, Muslim & Sikh union fought against British but defeated by cheating of own native leaders.

            This war ended with Lahore treaty.

            The leaders of Chattar Singh Attariwala & Moolraj opposed the merge of Punjab State into British empire, finally defeated by British.

Most likely Questions :

1)      What are the reasons for First Anglo-Maratha War ?

Subsidiary Alliance (1798) :

Wellesly brought for control on local kings.

Advent of Europeans to India - 10th SSt Notes

 KARNATAKA STATE SYLLABUS (DSERT)

10th standard Social science (S.St) subject English medium notes

History

Chapter 1

Advent of Europeans to India

There was great demand for Indian spices like pepper, cardmom, ginger and many other spices in Europe.

            Constantinople was the center of international business & considered as the ‘Gate of European Trade’. All goods were import and exporting through this gate.

·         In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople.

·         Spain & Portugal were attempting to break the monopoly of Italian traders. They encouraged sailors to find sea route to india.

 

A new sea route to India :

            Vasco da Gama left Lisbon & reached Kappadu village of Calicut in 1498. (Calicut today Kozhikode (Kerala).

·         The portugese were the first to re-establishe trade between India & Europe.

European Trade Companies :

·         Portugese –Dutch-English-French entered. This development changed the history of India.

Portuguese :

·       Portuguese were the first to arrive at India. Last leave India on sea route.

·       The first viceroy of Portuguese      – Franscisco

                                                                     de-Almeida

·       He implemented ‘Blue Water Policy’ It means establish the supremacy over the sea.

·       Alfanso de Albuquerque considered as the real founder of Portuguese empire.

·       He won Goa in 1510 with help of Krishnadevaraya.

Goa a became administrative center of Portuguese

Dutch :

(from Holland/Neitherland)

-        Capital city – Amsterdam

·       They established Dutch East India company in 1602 (India, Java, Sumatra, Indonesia)

·       Warehouses – Surat, Broach, Kambe, Kochin, Nagapatnam, Masulipatnam Chinsor

Warehouse – The warehouses were the places of storing merchandise. Huge walls  were built around these warehouses to provide protection

The rise & decline of the Dutch in India :

·       The Dutches – 1602

Dutch trade centres – Surat, Broach, Kambe, Cochin, Nagapatnam, Masulipatnam & Chinsore

Raja Marthanda Varma :

·       He played an important rule to rescue of Waynad & other places from Dutches.

·       He ruled from 1729 to 1758.

·       He shifted capital from Padmanabhapura to Thiruvananthapura.

·       He made his kingdom as World Travancore to Thiruvananthapura.

·       Ealier rules Rama Varma was very weak.

·       Marthanda Varma suggested to Rama varma to contact Pandyas of Madhurai for suppressing to Dutch East India company and surrounding palegaras in his 10 years tender age.

·       He came to the throne at 24 years old & organized 50,000 soldiers for extending his kingdom.

·       He occupied pepper growing areas.

·       The Dutches were trying to get monopoly, on pepper trade.

·       Marthanda Varma controlled the surrounding areas & made them to oppose the Dutch.

·       Dutches attacked on Travancore with the help of native kingdoms like Kayamkulam, Kochi, Purukkad & Vadakunkur.

·       Raja Marthanda defeated them & captured Nedumangala & Kottarakara trading centres.

·       He wrote strong  letter to Dutches that he would never give up the trade rights of pepper.

·       Kottarakar, Dutches & Simhalese (Srilanka) alliance attacked on Travancore on 10^th August in 1741. Marthanda Varma defeated them at Kolachchal.

·       He decided to root out the Dutches & achieved it.

He got back pepper growing areas & parts which were in the control of Dutches

English :

            Queen Elizabeth of England issued charter to East India company to start trade.

            The company started business formally in 1613.

·       Mughal emperor Jahangir issued royal permission to English to start factory at surat.

·       Sir Thomas roe sought permission from Jahangir.

·       St.George Fort built in Madras.

·       Charles II, gave Bombay as an annual rent of ten pounds a year in 1668.

·       St.William fort built in Calcutta  (book of Hoogli)

·       Presidencies of British – Bombay, Madras, Calcutta (in 17^th Century)

·       Capital City – Calcutta (18^th Century)

 

French : 1664

·       Started first factory in Surat.

·       Trade factories – Machalipatnam, Mahe, Chandra nagur, Karaikallu, Cossimbazar, Balasur.

·       Capital – Puducheri (Pondichery)

High ambitious governor general – Duplex (1742)

The British Rule in India

    The Bengal Province riched in agriculture, commerce and industry. The British wished to gain control on it in 18^th Century.

·        Mughal King Faruk Shiara issued Dasthak to British but some british officers misued it for personal purpose. Due to this the Bengal province experienced loss, so Navabs opposed it.

·        Dastakths : Trade license. It ensure any one import and export without pay tax.

Plassey War (1757) :

                                                   Siraj-ud-Daul & British       

Reasons :

1.     Misuse of Dastakh :

2.     Mending the fort without permission : British rebuilt Calcutta fort due to fear of French & Placed canons.

3.     Black Room Tragedy : Siraj-ud-Daula imprisoned 146 Englishmen in a small room in the fort of William. 123 died.

            Robert Clive convinced Mir Jafar the military head of Siraj-ud-Daula to stay neutral in the battle of offering Nawab post of Bengal.

Outcome/Results of Plassey :

1)      Immorality, lack of unity among the Indians.

2)      Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal.

3)      The company gained rights to do business in Bengal.

4)      Mir Jafar paid seventeen crore seventy lakh to company as a relief of attack on fort William.

Battle of Buxar : 1764

   British placed Mir Qasim in Nawab post.

·       Mir Qasim paid two lakh pounds.

·       He declared himself as an independent king.

·       He declared that the business is duty free in Bengal.

The British brought in Mir Jafar again & dethroned Mir Qasim.

·       Mir Qasim organized war against of British Indian merchants supported him.

·       He made an agreement with Mughal ruler Shah Alam – II, Nawab of Audh Shuj-ud-daul.

·       Hector Munro faced his combined forces 1764 at Buxar & defeated them. Mir Qasim ran away, Shah Alam II surrendered.

Outcomes :

1)    Shah Alam II accorded the Diwani rights over Bengal to the British.

2)    Shah Alam II gave away all the rights over Bengal to the British for an annual fee of rupees 26 lakhs.

3)    The Nawab of Awadh had to give away a fine of rupees 50 lakh for waging a war against british.

4)    With death of Mir Jafar the company paid pension to his son & took over the entire administration of Bengal.

5)    British became real holders of power over Bihar, Bengal & Odisha provinces.

6)    Robert clive brought Dual government concept in 1765.

 

Dual Government :

     The British had the right to collect land taxes, whereas the Nawab had power over administrative issues like justice & others.

(chronology)

Important Questions from Model Q.P & Previous Years Q.P

1.     How did trade take place between India & Europe during middle ages ?

2.     What are the effects of battle of Buxar ?

3.     Discuss the reasons that resulted in the discovery of new sea route to India.

 

The rise & decline of the Dutch in India :

·       The Dutches – 1602

Dutch trade centres – Surat, Broach, Kambe, Cochin, Nagapatnam, Masulipatnam & Chinsore