9th standard DSERT Karnataka state syllabus Social science Notes

HISTORY

CHAPTER – 1

WESTERN RELIGIONS

Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam are important religions of the world. They are also known as Semitic religions.

JUDAISM

 A Religion is a set of rules.

 

Features of religion:

1. Belief in one God.

2. Belief in the messenger of God.

3. A holy book written by the messenger

4. The community should follow the specific do’s and don’ts of the messenger.

5. Mass prayer to be conducted in a specific place.

 

Their follower of Judaism - Jews.

Jews language - Hebrew.

Forefather of Judaism – Abraham

Messenger of Judaism – Moses

 

History of Jews:

Israel tribes engaged in the continuous fight.

King of Israel David defeated Goliath and became the ruler.

His son was famous Solomon and built one big temple.

The kingdom was split into two after the death of King Solomon in 931 BCE.

1)Israel Kingdom    2) Juda kingdom

 

Egyptians and later Assyrians invaded on Israel.

Babylonians invaded Israel and they completely destroyed the temple.

In 538 BCE Achaemenid of Persia invaded Israel. Cyrus, the famous king gave back their kingdom, and allowed jews live in peace.

Jews religious text – Torah

 

Invasion over Jews

Alexander attacked on Babylonia and defeated them in 334 BCE.

 

Jesus Christ who taught Christianity was a Jew.

During II world war, Adolf Hitler, the German Dictator, got killed 60 Lakh Jews.

UNO formed Israel as a seperate nation for the jews.

Thus, the jews got their motherland after 3000 years.

Hebrew Bible also called Old Testament has 3 divisions.

1.Law,

2.writings, and

3.Moses’ writings.

 

Ten rules in Judaism

1. Do not have any other gods.

2. Do not make or worship idols.

3. Do not disrespect or misuse God’s name.

4. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy.

5. Honour your mother and father.

6. Do not commit murder.

7. Do not commit adultery.

8. Do not steal.

9. Do not tell lies

10. Do not be envious of others.

 

ZOROASTRIANISM

Zoroastrianism was founded in Persia.

Followers of Zoroastrianism - Parsis

(Parsi religion) was founded by Zarthustra in 6 B.C.

 

They worshipped Sun Vedic rituals and practices.

The holy book ‘Zenda Avestha’

Shlokas called “Gatha

The religions Judaism, Islam and Christianity were influenced by Zoroastrianism.

Alexander attacked on them and destroyed Zend Avestha. Later it was rewritten.

 

Beliefs:

Goodness will be victorious over the evil in their competition.

Man should choose goodness.

 

Their God was AhurMezda.

Fasting, celibacy and cleanliness are some of their practices.

 

CHRISTIANITY

 

The birthplace of Jesus is Bethlehem of Jerusalem.

Parents: Joseph and Mary.

 

Jesus knew Aramic and Semetic languages.

Jesus was baptised by John.

John declared Jesus as the Messiah.

Jesus started travelling through Israel preaching religious philosophy.

Jews chose Jesus as their religious leader.

Jesus had 12 disciples. They are called ‘Apostles’.

Peter was the first apostle.

Jesus sympathised those who suffered from diseases.

He always came forward to alleviate the suffering of the poor.

 

Crucifixion of Christ

Jesus rejected the religious dogmas, Jewish fundamentalists started opposing him. Due to all these the Jewish soldiers arrested and governor ordered crucifixion of Jesus.

He was crucified on the hillock of Golgotha.

 

 

 

The teachings of Jesus Christ

1.       He told people to imagine God as their Father. He also told that all human beings were Children of the God.

2.       He advocated universal brotherhood.

3.       He told people to shun hypocritical religious practices.

4.       He advised people to repent for their sins and seek forgiveness from the God.

5.       He asked people to do unto others what they wanted others to do to them.

6.       He equated Service to Man with Service to God.

 

The Spread of Christianity

Some disciples of Jesus were crucified.

Emperor Constantine, Christianity was adopted as the State religion.

Today, Christian Churches are found throughout the world and have a large number of followers. Holy book of Christianity - The Bible

 

ISLAM RELIGION

Founder – Mohammad Paigambar

He was born at Mecca in C.E.570

Parents: Abdulla and Ameena

He grew up under the care of his uncle.

Mohammad was employed to service in a rich widow’s house. Later, he married that widow.

Mohammad heard voice of an angel while meditating in cave.

The angel said that Mohammad is the Prophet of God (Allah).

However, he never referred himself as God, but Prophet of Allah.

 

The rest of his life Mohammad spent preaching the Divine Gospel.

These preachings were compiled by his followers and published in the form of a book.

Quran is the holy book of Islam.

 

The orthodox community of Mecca opposed the Prophet.

In the year C.E. 622 he travelled from Mecca to Medina. This journey became popular in history as ‘Hijira’.

 

Philosophy and tenets of Islam (the teachings of Muhammad,

the Prophet) :

1. Islam believes in monotheism (worship of one God). Allah is their

God and Mohammed, His Prophet.

2. Muhammad, the Prophet taught that there is no death for the

soul and that sinners would attract punishment by fire.

3. He laid emphasis on good behaviour. He said that human beings

should try to learn forgiveness.

 

The rules and regulations to be followed by every Muslim :

1. Firm belief in one God and Mohammed as his Prophet - Kalima

2.            Praying five times daily facing the direction of Kaba - Namaz

3. Fasting during the Ramzan month from sunrise to sunset - Roja

4. Donating one-fourths of their earnings to the poor - Zakat

5. Visiting Mecca at least once in their lifetimes - Haj

These five practices are said to be the ‘pillars of Islam’