Vijayanagara Empire and Bahamani Kingdom - 9th SSt Notes

 

                            CHAPTER 4 

VIJAYANAGARA AND BAHAMANI KINGDOMS

Key points

 

●     The Establishment of het vijayanagar Empire is a landmark in Indian history.

●     Hakka and Bukka establishment vijayanagar Empire on the banks of the Tungabadra river in the year 1336 CE.

●     Hampi was capital of Vijayanagar Empire.

●     The 4 Dyanasties that ruled vijayanagara.

1. Sangama  2. Saluva              3. Tuluva      4. Araveedu.

●     Nicole Conti and Persian Ambassador Abdul Razzak visited vijayanagar Empire.

●     Krishnadevaraya was the famous king of Tuluva Dyanasty and wrote famous Telagu work Amukta Malayada.

●     Bahamani administration based on Islamic religious principles.

●     The Founder of Bahamani Dyanasty was Allauddin Hasan –Gangu –Baham- shah.

 

ONE MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

1.  When did vijayanagar Empire Established?

Ans. 1336CE.

 

2.Name the important kings of vijayanagara Empire?

Ans. Harihara – I, Bukkaraya, Harihara-II and Proudadevaraya are the important kings of vijayanagara Empire etc.

 

3. Who earned the title Dakshinapatada Chakravarthi?

Ans. Praudadevaraya (Devaraya –II) earned the title Dakshinapatada Chakravarthi.

 

4.  Name the work written by krishnadevaraya?

Ans. krishnadevaraya wrote Amukta malyad – (Telagu work) Jambavathi kalyana (Sanskrit)

 

5.    When did first Talikoti war took place?

 Ans. First Talikoti war took place  on 23rd January 1565 CE.

 

6.  When did Bahamani kingdom Established?

Ans. On 1347 CE

 

7.  Which monument is known as south of Taj-Mahal?

Ans. Ibrahim Roza (Constructed by Ibrahim – II) is known as south of Taj-Mahal.

 

8.  Who wrote the work kitab – E- Navaras?

Ans. Ibrahim Adil Shah-II wrote the work kitab – E- Navaras.

 

Match the following.

 

A                                         B

1.  Ahmad Nagar                -        Nijam Shahi

2.  Adil Shahi                     -         Bijapur

3.  Emad shahi                   -         Bidar

4.  Barid shahi                    -         Bidar

5.  Kuthub Shahi                -         Golkonda

 

 

 

 

1.  Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijaynanagar Empire.                            2M

Ans. Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are:

(1) Sangama,       (2) Saluva,

(3) Tuluva, and    (4) Araveedu.

 

2.  What were the achievements of Devaraya II?                                                   2M

Ans.

·         He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.

·         He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader of the border.

·         He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).

·         He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and Bankapura.

·         His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.

 

 3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?                                                                                                                                                                       3M

·         Ans. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.

·         The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes were establishing colonies.

·         The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the south.

·         The five shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates.

·         The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.

 

 

4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar empire to the economic system and society?    4M

 

Ans. Economic system:

·         Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.

·         Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the government as tax.

·         Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.

·         Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.

·         Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.

·         There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.

·         Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must, sandal perfume etc. were exported.

·         Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar Empire.

 

Society:

·         The society was based on the 4-tiered caste system. However, there was also occupation- based caste system.

·         There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers

and cobblers in the society.

·         The practice of child marriage, sati and Devadasi were prevalent.

·         Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Explain the art and architecture of Vijayanagar period                                                3M Ans. The unique feature of Vijayanagar art and architecture are:

o   Construction of huge auditorium and marriage halls.

o   Temples had huge towers (Rayagopura), leaf- shaped arches and platforms.

o   In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance.

o   Rough granite stone (kanashile) was used for construction of these structures.

o   The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc.

o   The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shringeri which has unique structure.

o   The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty.

o   The Saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple.

o   The most ancient temple at Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall.

9th SSt Notes - Religious Promoters of India

 

                                CHAPTER 3: 

RELIGIOUS PROMOTERS OF INDIA

1.  Name the books written by Shankaracharaya?

Ans. Shankarabhasya, Anandlahari, Soundaryalahari, Viveka chudamani were the books written by Shankaracharaya.

 

2.  Who established Cheluva Narayan temple at Melukote?

Ans. Ramanujacharya established Cheluva Narayan temple at Melukote.

 

3.      “The world is not maya, or illusion, It is true as paramathma” – Who gave this statement?

 Ans. Madhwacharya.

 

4.  Who was the teacher of Shankaracharya?

 Ans. Govinda Bhagavatpada was the teacher of Shankaracharya .

 

5.  Where is ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ Located?

Ans. It is located at Basava kalyana in Bidar.

 

6.  Name the vachanankaras of Anubhava mantapa?

Ans. Allamaprabhu, Akkamahadevi, Siddarama, Molige maraiah, Madivala machayya, Haralaiah are the vachanankaras of Anubhava mantapa.

 

7.  Who invited Ramanujacharya to Karnataka?

Ans. The Hoysala king vishnuvardhana (Bittideva) invited Ramanujacharya to Karnataka.

 

8.  Name the Ashtamutts established by Madhwacharya?

Ans. Palimaru, Adamaru, Krishnapura, Puttige, Shirur, Sode, Kaniyoor and Pejawara are the Ashtamutts established by Madhwacharya.

 

1.  Explain the Adwaitha philosophy.                                                                                2M

 

Ans. According to this, Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false.  The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. Ultimately, we should merge our ‘Atma’ (soul) with the absolute truth, Brahma. Only then we can attain moksha (liberation).

 

2.  Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called? 2M

Ans. Ramanujacharya advocated ‘Vishistadwaith philosophy. His sect called Shrivaishnavies.

 

3.  Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What were its objectives?                           3M

Ans. Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre called “Anubhava Mantapa” at Basava kalyana of present Bidar.

Its Objectives are:

1.  They wanted to eradicate various socio cultural issues like gender discrimination an caste system.

2.  They were insisting that one should remain transparent in his life. His external behavior and internal thinking should remain clean. This transparent state of life is the ‘ultimate truth’ they declared.

3. Their vachanas reach the common people and created a social movement.

 

4.   Explain the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya.                                          3M

Ans. Ramanujacharya’s philosophy is called as ‘Vishistadwaitha’.

●     According to this philosophy Jeeva (life) and Prakruthi (Nature) are under the control of Bramha.

●       Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become one simultaneously.

●     He said that world is the expressed manifestation of Bramha and world is a reality.

●     In order to achieve Mukthi (salvtion), Bhakti and Prapathi (complete surrendrance to god) are important.

 

 

5.  What are the teachings of Madhwacharya?                                                         3M

Ans. According to Madhwacharya, The world is not maya or illusion.

●     It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul.

●     Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary.

●     The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relationship.

●     Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme.

●     Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.

 

6.Name the books written by Shankaracharya.

Ans. The books written by Shankarachaya.

●     Shankarabhasya,

●     Anandalahari,

●     Soundaryalahari,

●     Shivanandalahari,

●     Viveka choodamani,

●     Prabudda sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy

●     stotra are some of shankaracharya’s books.

●     His hymn ‘‘Bhajagovindam’’ is world famous.

 

.

9th English medium S.St Notes - Medieval India

 

Lesson no 2

MEDIEVAL INDIA AND POLITICAL TRANSITION

 

ONE MARK QUESTIONS &ANSWERS

1.  Who was the founder of Gujara Pratihara dynasty?

Ans. Nagabhatta I was the founder of Gujara Pratihara dynasty.

 

2. Name the dictionary written by Hemachandra.

Ans. The dictionary written by Hemachandra was Deshimala.

 

3.Who was the most famous king of Solanki?

 Ans. Bheema-1 was the most famous king of Solanki.

4. Name of Forts constructed by the Rajput Kings?

Ans. Chittod Fort, Mandu Fort, Ranthambor Fort, Jodhpur and Gwalior fort

5. Who established Tughlaq dynasty?

Ans. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq established Tughlaq dynasty.

 

6. Where is Quvat-Ul-Islam Mosque located?

 Ans. Quvat-Ul-Islam Mosque is located at Delhi.

 

7. When did first and second Panipat war take place?

Ans. The First Panipat war was fought in1526 AD and The Second Panipat war was fought in 1556 AD.

 

8. Between whom First battle of Tarain war took place?

Ans. First battle of Tarain was fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan.

 

9. What is Do-ab?

Ans. The land between two rivers is known as Do-ab.

 

 10. What is Dhag system?

Ans. The process of stamping the horse is called Dhag system.

 

11. Who is called Indian parrot?

Ans. Amir Khusru.

 

1. Explain the contributions of Rajput kings to the field of literature.                             3M

 Ans. Rajput kings themselves were scholars. Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written various literary works.

●     Munja had poets Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court.

●     King Bhoja had scholars like Shanthisena, Prabhachandra Suri, Ghanapala during his rule.

●     Mahendrapala’s ‘Kavya Meemamse’ were written during the rule of Rajputs.

●     Dramas like Rajashekara’s ‘Bala Ramayana’ and ‘Karpuramanjari’;

●     Historical works like Kalhana’s ‘Raja Tharangini’, Jayanika’s ‘Prithiviraja Vijaya’ and Hemachandra’s ‘Kumarapla Charitha’ are the important works.

●     ‘Prithiviraja Raso’ by Chand Bardahi and ‘Bhoja Prabandha’ by Balalla are the noted biographies of Rajput rulers

 

 

 

2.  What were the contributions of Delhi Sultans to art and architecture? Give examples.                                                                                                                                                                 3M

●     The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of Architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ architecture.

●     Arches, Domes and Minarets are the main features of this style.

●     The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, Palaces, Public buildings, Madrasas and Dharmashalas.

●     Qutub Minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana.

●     Mosques are the best examples of Indo-Islamic style.

 

 

3.  What were the administrative reforms implemented by Alluddin Khilji? Reforms in the administration.

1.  He abolished religious endowments, Inams (gift) lands and subsidy.

2.  An efficient intelligence network was established by him.

3.  He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice game.

4.  He banned association formation among his Sardars (lieutenants).

5.  Farmers with minor landholdings and also the big landlords had to pay taxes.

6.  He appointed revenue officials to collect the fixed taxes from the farmers.

7.  Military reforms: The salary of the soldier given in the form of cash.

8.  The process of stamping the horses called as ‘Dhag’ came into effect.

9.    He created a system wherein the common people had access to pulses, cereals, cooking oil, sugar, salt and fuel at fair prices.

10.  Similarly he established markets to sell horses and slaves. of the Vijayanagar period.

 

4.  What were the administrative reforms of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq            4M

Ans.

Administrative reforms of Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq:

Revenue reforms: An official record that had all the details of lands implemented by him. He established department of agriculture.

                     The uncultivated lands were made cultivable.

            Shifting of his Capital: He wanted to shift his capital from Delhi to Devagiri.

There were two main reasons behind this move:  to establish the capital city at the centre of the vast empire, and to protect the capital city from foreign invasions. Experiment of symbolic Coins- He brought gold coin named ‘Dinar’ and silver coin named ‘Adli’ into circulation. Copper and brass coins were also brought into circulation symbolically.

 

5.  Explain the administration system of Iltamush Briefly.

1. He divided his kingdom into Iktas and appointed Iktadhars to run administration.

2. He appointed a group of fourty sardars to advise him in administrative issues.

3. Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation.

4. The prime minister and Judges used to advise him